htaccess potrivește toate cuvintele până la ultima bară oblică și redirecționează 301

If by "escape", you mean "remove" (as in your example) then you can do something like the following in your Apache config (or .htaccess) file:

RedirectMatch 301 ^(?!/site_url/course/).+/([^/.]+)$ /site_url/course/$1

The negative lookahead (ie. (?!/site_url/course/)) ensures that the redirected request is not also redirected (which would cause a redirect-loop).

This is assuming you are not already using mod_rewrite.

And this obviously doesn't do anything to capitalise any letters, since your example appears to go from /coursename to /courseName, which is not a discernable pattern (unless this is literal text?!).

Test with a 302 (temporary) redirect to avoid potential caching issues.